Large-scale historical afforestation failure with Pinus cembra in the Swiss Prealps

Abstract Between the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, large-scale afforestation projects were undertaken in Swiss Prealps. The stone pine ( Pinus cembra L.), an emblematic alpine tree with important economic potential, conservation value ecological relevance, was one of species used these efforts. We investigated distribution site characteristics all known natural populations planted stands canton Fribourg (Switzerland). 1885 1952, artificial carried out mountainous regions Fribourg. Nearly 450,000 seedlings P. planted. One century later, only approximately 650 trees survived (0.15% trees). Moreover, no regeneration can be observed afforested stands. Since harvest activities stands, whole campaign described as a failure. Possible causes are discussed. In this region, occurs naturally particular microrefugia markedly rough topography. argue that lack knowledge or consideration ecology at local scale factor leading to actual context anticipating mitigating negative effects global warming, our study highlights importance precise understanding regional conditions.